TAIPEI - While China continues to improve the firepower and mobility of its lighter armored vehicles, heavy armor maintains a major role in military doctrine.
No evidence was more obvious than the recent 60th anniversary parade in Beijing, when 500 main battle tanks (MBTs) and armored personnel carriers rolled past the Forbidden City on Oct. 1.
Some of the vehicles had never been seen before in public, including the tracked ZBD97 infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), 155mm PLZ05 self-propelled artillery system and the Type-99G MBT. Many of the vehicles included a new digital camouflage pattern, such as a new IFV for the Chinese Marines covered with a blue digital camouflage.
China North Industries Group (Norinco) develops and manufacturers most of China's tanks and other armored vehicles and equipment.
The Norinco ZBD97 IFV is believed to be part of an effort to construct a well-armed IFV comparable to the Russian BMP-3 series, giving airborne units protected firepower and enhanced mobility, said Dean Cheng, a research fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington.
"If these forces are dropped deep behind enemy lines, they would be confronting not first-line troops with heavy armor, but rear area logistics troops with a scattering of light anti-tank weapons," Cheng said. This suggests an interest in deep penetration and a greater emphasis on jointness, he said.
Norinco's new Type-99G tank, the latest variant of the Type-98/99 series, demonstrates Chinese advancements that include explosive reactive armor, an upgraded turret with detachable and upgradable composite armor, targeting systems and a more powerful engine.
"If you look at their production, they do well at the armor and applique packages, they are fine at communications and fire control [with some help from other countries] and their guns and stabilization aren't bad," said Larry Wortzel, vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
"Chinese main battle tanks are clearly no longer obsolescent or obsolete vehicles," Cheng said.
However, despite the impressive advancements, Norinco continues to have problems developing efficient drive trains, such as engines and automatic transmissions.
"They still have to go to Europe or Russia to get engines and transmissions," Wortzel said. "Even with all their work on big Volvo buses and large trucks under license, they don't seem to have mastered that part of it yet."
Norinco is beginning to produce a new 105mm gun-launched missile for use against armored targets, including tanks using reactive armor. According to a Norinco brochure, the missile is guided to the target by a laser.
"The 105mm gun-launched missile can also constitute a part of the T-54/T-55 or Chinese Type 59 and Type 69 MBT update package along with other considerations of upgrading," the brochure says.
The company also is producing the new MBT-2000 with a 125mm smoothbore tank gun capable of firing three types of ammunition: armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot, high-explosive anti-tank and high-explosive rounds. The MBT-2000 is outfitted with an automatic loader that can fire six to eight rounds per minute.
The auto-loader is further evidence the "Chinese military of today is not that of the past," Cheng said. "Manpower conservation measures such as autoloaders suggest that there is an effort to economize on people where possible.
"While the U.S. appears to be focusing more on counterinsurgency, the Chinese are, through their actions and acquisitions, making clear that they see the future of warfare as still involving nation-on-nation conflict involving the 'heavy iron,'" he said.
However, China also is pragmatic. There are serious internal security concerns in the rugged hinterlands of Tibet and Xinjiang that make MBTs impractical against civilian revolts. During crackdowns in Tibet in early 2008, the Chinese military sent Type 90 tracked and ZSL92 armored fighting vehicles into Lhasa to quell violence.
"Heavier vehicles are for real wars," Cheng said. China's periphery is not like Europe, "with well-paved super-highways."
No evidence was more obvious than the recent 60th anniversary parade in Beijing, when 500 main battle tanks (MBTs) and armored personnel carriers rolled past the Forbidden City on Oct. 1.
Some of the vehicles had never been seen before in public, including the tracked ZBD97 infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), 155mm PLZ05 self-propelled artillery system and the Type-99G MBT. Many of the vehicles included a new digital camouflage pattern, such as a new IFV for the Chinese Marines covered with a blue digital camouflage.
China North Industries Group (Norinco) develops and manufacturers most of China's tanks and other armored vehicles and equipment.
The Norinco ZBD97 IFV is believed to be part of an effort to construct a well-armed IFV comparable to the Russian BMP-3 series, giving airborne units protected firepower and enhanced mobility, said Dean Cheng, a research fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington.
"If these forces are dropped deep behind enemy lines, they would be confronting not first-line troops with heavy armor, but rear area logistics troops with a scattering of light anti-tank weapons," Cheng said. This suggests an interest in deep penetration and a greater emphasis on jointness, he said.
Norinco's new Type-99G tank, the latest variant of the Type-98/99 series, demonstrates Chinese advancements that include explosive reactive armor, an upgraded turret with detachable and upgradable composite armor, targeting systems and a more powerful engine.
"If you look at their production, they do well at the armor and applique packages, they are fine at communications and fire control [with some help from other countries] and their guns and stabilization aren't bad," said Larry Wortzel, vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
"Chinese main battle tanks are clearly no longer obsolescent or obsolete vehicles," Cheng said.
However, despite the impressive advancements, Norinco continues to have problems developing efficient drive trains, such as engines and automatic transmissions.
"They still have to go to Europe or Russia to get engines and transmissions," Wortzel said. "Even with all their work on big Volvo buses and large trucks under license, they don't seem to have mastered that part of it yet."
Norinco is beginning to produce a new 105mm gun-launched missile for use against armored targets, including tanks using reactive armor. According to a Norinco brochure, the missile is guided to the target by a laser.
"The 105mm gun-launched missile can also constitute a part of the T-54/T-55 or Chinese Type 59 and Type 69 MBT update package along with other considerations of upgrading," the brochure says.
The company also is producing the new MBT-2000 with a 125mm smoothbore tank gun capable of firing three types of ammunition: armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot, high-explosive anti-tank and high-explosive rounds. The MBT-2000 is outfitted with an automatic loader that can fire six to eight rounds per minute.
The auto-loader is further evidence the "Chinese military of today is not that of the past," Cheng said. "Manpower conservation measures such as autoloaders suggest that there is an effort to economize on people where possible.
"While the U.S. appears to be focusing more on counterinsurgency, the Chinese are, through their actions and acquisitions, making clear that they see the future of warfare as still involving nation-on-nation conflict involving the 'heavy iron,'" he said.
However, China also is pragmatic. There are serious internal security concerns in the rugged hinterlands of Tibet and Xinjiang that make MBTs impractical against civilian revolts. During crackdowns in Tibet in early 2008, the Chinese military sent Type 90 tracked and ZSL92 armored fighting vehicles into Lhasa to quell violence.
"Heavier vehicles are for real wars," Cheng said. China's periphery is not like Europe, "with well-paved super-highways."
